203.2. Maintaining a Linux filesystem
203.2 Maintaining a Linux filesystem
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Description: Candidates should be able to properly maintain a Linux filesystem using system utilities. This objective includes manipulating standard filesystems and monitoring SMART devices.
Key Knowledge Areas:
- Tools and utilities to manipulate and ext2, ext3 and ext4
- Tools and utilities to perform basic Btrfs operations, including subvolumes and snapshots
- Tools and utilities to manipulate XFS
- Awareness of ZFS
Terms and Utilities:
- mkfs (mkfs.*)
- mkswap
- fsck (fsck.*)
- tune2fs, dumpe2fs and debugfs
- btrfs, btrfs-convert
- xfs_info, xfs_check, xfs_repair, xfsdump and xfsrestore
- smartd, smartctl
Since lpic 1 course we have got familiar with some File Systems. Lets Compare important ones:
File System | Architecture | Max File Size | Max Volume Size | extends | journal | snapshot |
ext2 (1993) | h-tree | 2 Tbytes | 32 Tbytes | No | No | No |
ext3 (2001) | h-tree | 2 Tbytes | 32 Tbytes | No | Yes | No |
ext4 (2006) | h-tree | 16 Tbytes | 1 Ebytes | Yes | Yes | No |
xfs (1994) | b-tree | 8 Ebytes | 8 Ebytes | No | Yes | Planned |
btrfs (2009) | b-tree | 16 Ebytes | 16 Ebytes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
mkfs (Make a file System) command is used to create a File System on a device.To review LPIC1:
[email protected]:~# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdb 8:16 0 10G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 10G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
sda 8:0 0 50G 0 disk
├─sda2 8:2 0 1K 0 part
├─sda5 8:5 0 1021M 0 part [SWAP]
└─sda1 8:1 0 49G 0 part /
[email protected]:~# which mkfs
/sbin/mkfs
We saw that mkfs is a front end for other commands:
[email protected]:~# ls /sbin | grep mkfs
mkfs
mkfs.bfs
mkfs.cramfs
mkfs.ext2
mkfs.ext3
mkfs.ext4
mkfs.ext4dev
mkfs.fat
mkfs.minix
mkfs.msdos
mkfs.ntfs
mkfs.vfat
We can use mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 to format a partition or in another format:
[email protected]:~# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015)
Creating filesystem with 2621184 4k blocks and 655360 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 3f940f9b-d46d-423e-9f20-4cf74564e7ac
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
There is an exception among File Systems which is swap. We have mentioned that swap can be a file or an entire partition. To make a swap partition use mkswap /dev/sdXY command
Each file system has it own tools to maintain the problems.
fsck ( File System consistency check) is a tool for checking and repairing linux file system. Like mkfs, fsck is a front of other commands.
[email protected]:~# which fsck
/sbin/fsck
[email protected]:~# ls /sbin | grep fsck
dosfsck
e2fsck
fsck
fsck.cramfs
fsck.ext2
fsck.ext3
fsck.ext4
fsck.ext4dev
fsck.fat
fsck.minix
fsck.msdos
fsck.nfs
fsck.vfat
fsck.xfs
fsck is originally an ext tool . Try not to use fsck for other file systems because it might cause damage or data lost! How ever it is smart about other file systems like XFS and avoid running on them.
[email protected]:~# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/my10gdisk/
[email protected]:~# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdb 8:16 0 10G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 10G 0 part /mnt/my10gdisk
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
sda 8:0 0 50G 0 disk
├─sda2 8:2 0 1K 0 part
├─sda5 8:5 0 1021M 0 part [SWAP]
└─sda1 8:1 0 49G 0 part /
[email protected]:~# fsck /dev/sdb1
fsck from util-linux 2.27.1
e2fsck 1.42.13 (17-May-2015)
/dev/sdb1 is mounted.
e2fsck: Cannot continue, aborting.
Do not forget you can not check a filesystem while you are using that, so do not forget to unmount!!!
[email protected]:~# umount /mnt/my10gdisk
[email protected]:~# fsck /dev/sdb1
fsck from util-linux 2.27.1
e2fsck 1.42.13 (17-May-2015)
/dev/sdb1: clean, 11/655360 files, 79663/2621184 blocks
Based on health of ext Partition, different exit codes might be generated by fsck:
0-No errors
1-Filesystem errors corrected
2-System should be rebooted
4-Filesystem errors left uncorrected
8-Operational error
16-Usage or syntax error
32-Checking canceled by user request
128-Shared-library error
fsck usefull switeches | Description |
-v | Produce Verbose output, include all file-system specific commands that are executed |
-f | force fixing errors, ask conformation before each repair |
-y | say "yes" to confirm fixing all errors |
-n | emulate fixing errors, but no real write on hard disk |
-N | Tell what fsck command will be run, and nothing is exexuted |
-b <SuperBlockBackupLocation> | Restore super block from the backup |
tune2fs Change different aspects of file system
[email protected]:~# tune2fs --help
tune2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015)
tune2fs: invalid option -- '-'
Usage: tune2fs [-c max_mounts_count] [-e errors_behavior] [-g group]
[-i interval[d|m|w]] [-j] [-J journal_options] [-l]
[-m reserved_blocks_percent] [-o [^]mount_options[,...]] [-p mmp_update_interval]
[-r reserved_blocks_count] [-u user] [-C mount_count] [-L volume_label]
[-M last_mounted_dir] [-O [^]feature[,...]]
[-Q quota_options]
[-E extended-option[,...]] [-T last_check_time] [-U UUID]
[ -I new_inode_size ] device
Previously we see the fstab file for making automatic mounts, in the last field of fstab file we saw pass parameter:
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
# / was on /dev/sda1 during installation
UUID=142a64e5-96f3-4789-9c91-1dc1570057b7 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
We discussed then that the pass parameter can be 0, 1 or 2.
0 | Never be checked by fsck during boot process |
1 | Check the partition with fsck duting boot with priority 1 |
2 | Check the partition after other partitions with fsck priority2 |
But if you put 1 in fstab it would not work! Why? Because fsck look at other parameters of Partition File System and check intervals:
[email protected]:~# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1
tune2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015)
Filesystem volume name: <none>
Last mounted on: <not available>
Filesystem UUID: 395e0905-bcc7-4b8d-b3ca-3193c266b749
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize
Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
Default mount options: user_xattr acl
Filesystem state: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS type: Linux
Inode count: 655360
Block count: 2621184
Reserved block count: 131059
Free blocks: 2541521
Free inodes: 655349
First block: 0
Block size: 4096
Fragment size: 4096
Reserved GDT blocks: 639
Blocks per group: 32768
Fragments per group: 32768
Inodes per group: 8192
Inode blocks per group: 512
Flex block group size: 16
Filesystem created: Sat Dec 30 04:03:38 2017
Last mount time: Sat Dec 30 04:03:54 2017
Last write time: Sat Dec 30 04:44:35 2017
Mount count: 0
Maximum mount count: -1
Last checked: Sat Dec 30 04:44:35 2017
Check interval: 0 (<none>)
Lifetime writes: 291 MB
Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)
First inode: 11
Inode size: 256
Required extra isize: 28
Desired extra isize: 28
Journal inode: 8
Default directory hash: half_md4
Directory Hash Seed: 54a34eb1-0de8-40af-8e37-e4817b1f3046
Journal backup: inode blocks
Among this long list Check interval and mount count are realy important. fsck check partitions we have mentioned in fstab if specific time interval arrives or number of mount count reach.
usefull commands | Description |
tune2fs -L KING8GIG /dev/sdc1 | Change Volume Name |
tune2fs -i 7 /dev/sdb1 | Change check interval to 7 days |
tune2fs -c 10 /dev/sdb1 | Change mount count to 10 times |
tune2fs -m 0 /dev/sdb1 | Change reserved Blocks to 0 |
dumpe2fs Show all super blocks info. SuperBlocks are kind of meta data of File System which keeps information about size, block size, the empty and filled blocks, size and location of inodes and many many more information. dumpe2fs can be used while partition is mounted.
[email protected]:~# dumpe2fs /dev/sdb1
dumpe2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015)
Filesystem volume name: <none>
Last mounted on: <not available>
Filesystem UUID: 395e0905-bcc7-4b8d-b3ca-3193c266b749
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize
Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
Default mount options: user_xattr acl
Filesystem state: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS type: Linux
Inode count: 655360
Block count: 2621184
Reserved block count: 131059
Free blocks: 2541521
Free inodes: 655349
First block: 0
Block size: 4096
Fragment size: 4096
Reserved GDT blocks: 639
Blocks per group: 32768
Fragments per group: 32768
Inodes per group: 8192
Inode blocks per group: 512
Flex block group size: 16
Filesystem created: Sat Dec 30 04:03:38 2017
Last mount time: Sat Dec 30 04:03:54 2017
Last write time: Sat Dec 30 04:05:42 2017
Mount count: 1
Maximum mount count: -1
Last checked: Sat Dec 30 04:03:38 2017
Check interval: 0 (<none>)
Lifetime writes: 291 MB
Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)
First inode: 11
Inode size: 256
Required extra isize: 28
Desired extra isize: 28
Journal inode: 8
Default directory hash: half_md4
Directory Hash Seed: 54a34eb1-0de8-40af-8e37-e4817b1f3046
Journal backup: inode blocks
Journal features: (none)
Journal size: 128M
Journal length: 32768
Journal sequence: 0x00000004
Journal start: 0
Group 0: (Blocks 0-32767) [ITABLE_ZEROED]
Checksum 0xe944, unused inodes 8181
Primary superblock at 0, Group descriptors at 1-1
Reserved GDT blocks at 2-640
Block bitmap at 641 (+641), Inode bitmap at 657 (+657)
Inode table at 673-1184 (+673)
23897 free blocks, 8181 free inodes, 2 directories, 8181 unused inodes
Free blocks: 8871-32767
Free inodes: 12-8192
Group 1: (Blocks 32768-65535) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED]
Checksum 0xda21, unused inodes 8192
Backup superblock at 32768, Group descriptors at 32769-32769
Reserved GDT blocks at 32770-33408
Block bitmap at 642 (bg #0 + 642), Inode bitmap at 658 (bg #0 + 658)
Inode table at 1185-1696 (bg #0 + 1185)
32127 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 33409-65535
Free inodes: 8193-16384
Group 2: (Blocks 65536-98303) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED]
Checksum 0x8c02, unused inodes 8192
Block bitmap at 643 (bg #0 + 643), Inode bitmap at 659 (bg #0 + 659)
Inode table at 1697-2208 (bg #0 + 1697)
32768 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 65536-98303
Free inodes: 16385-24576
.
..
...
Group 78: (Blocks 2555904-2588671) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED]
Checksum 0x2104, unused inodes 8192
Block bitmap at 2097166 (bg #64 + 14), Inode bitmap at 2097182 (bg #64 + 30)
Inode table at 2104352-2104863 (bg #64 + 7200)
32768 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 2555904-2588671
Free inodes: 638977-647168
Group 79: (Blocks 2588672-2621183) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED]
Checksum 0x8657, unused inodes 8192
Block bitmap at 2097167 (bg #64 + 15), Inode bitmap at 2097183 (bg #64 + 31)
Inode table at 2104864-2105375 (bg #64 + 7712)
32512 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 2588672-2621183
Free inodes: 647169-655360
As superbloacks are so important Files System is designed to keep back of them by copying them on several places of hard disk.
[email protected]:~# dumpe2fs /dev/sdb1 | grep -i Superblock
dumpe2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015)
Primary superblock at 0, Group descriptors at 1-1
Backup superblock at 32768, Group descriptors at 32769-32769
Backup superblock at 98304, Group descriptors at 98305-98305
Backup superblock at 163840, Group descriptors at 163841-163841
Backup superblock at 229376, Group descriptors at 229377-229377
Backup superblock at 294912, Group descriptors at 294913-294913
Backup superblock at 819200, Group descriptors at 819201-819201
Backup superblock at 884736, Group descriptors at 884737-884737
Backup superblock at 1605632, Group descriptors at 1605633-1605633
There is another way to observe location of super blocks backup:
[email protected]:~# mkfs.ext4 -n /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015)
/dev/sdb1 contains a ext4 file system
last mounted on Sat Dec 30 04:03:54 2017
Proceed anyway? (y,n) y
Creating filesystem with 2621184 4k blocks and 655360 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 9979d6a3-985e-4435-b445-f399f3715e79
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632
-n cuase no changes on Hard disk and just show what it would do if it were to create a file system. And finally try dumpe2fs -h to get information about super blocks. Try it your self :)
debugfs interactive file system editor.Its better to unmount the partition first.
[email protected]:~# debugfs /dev/sdb1
debugfs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015)
debugfs: help
Available debugfs requests:
show_debugfs_params, params
Show debugfs parameters
open_filesys, open Open a filesystem
close_filesys, close Close the filesystem
freefrag, e2freefrag Report free space fragmentation
feature, features Set/print superblock features
dirty_filesys, dirty Mark the filesystem as dirty
init_filesys Initialize a filesystem (DESTROYS DATA)
show_super_stats, stats Show superblock statistics
ncheck Do inode->name translation
icheck Do block->inode translation
change_root_directory, chroot
Change root directory
change_working_directory, cd
Change working directory
list_directory, ls List directory
show_inode_info, stat Show inode information
dump_extents, extents, ex
Dump extents information
blocks Dump blocks used by an inode
filefrag Report fragmentation information for an inode
link, ln Create directory link
unlink Delete a directory link
mkdir Create a directory
rmdir Remove a directory
rm Remove a file (unlink and kill_file, if appropriate)
kill_file Deallocate an inode and its blocks
clri Clear an inode's contents
freei Clear an inode's in-use flag
seti Set an inode's in-use flag
testi Test an inode's in-use flag
freeb Clear a block's in-use flag
setb Set a block's in-use flag
testb Test a block's in-use flag
modify_inode, mi Modify an inode by structure
find_free_block, ffb Find free block(s)
find_free_inode, ffi Find free inode(s)
print_working_directory, pwd
Print current working directory
expand_dir, expand Expand directory
mknod Create a special file
list_deleted_inodes, lsdel
List deleted inodes
undelete, undel Undelete file
write Copy a file from your native filesystem
dump_inode, dump Dump an inode out to a file
cat Dump an inode out to stdout
lcd Change the current directory on your native filesystem
rdump Recursively dump a directory to the native filesystem
set_super_value, ssv Set superblock value
set_inode_field, sif Set inode field
set_block_group, set_bg Set block group descriptor field
logdump Dump the contents of the journal
htree_dump, htree Dump a hash-indexed directory
dx_hash, hash Calculate the directory hash of a filename
dirsearch Search a directory for a particular filename
bmap Calculate the logical->physical block mapping for an inode
punch, truncate Punch (or truncate) blocks from an inode by deallocating them
symlink Create a symbolic link
imap Calculate the location of an inode
dump_unused Dump unused blocks
set_current_time Set current time to use when setting filesystem fields
supported_features Print features supported by this version of e2fsprogs
dump_mmp Dump MMP information
set_mmp_value, smmp Set MMP value
extent_open, eo Open inode for extent manipulation
zap_block, zap Zap block: fill with 0, pattern, flip bits etc.
block_dump, bdump, bd Dump contents of a block
list_quota, lq List quota
get_quota, gq Get quota
inode_dump, idump, id Dump the inode structure in hex
help Display info on command or topic.
list_requests, lr, ? List available commands.
quit, q Leave the subsystem.
XFS File System has its own tools.Base on our distro we might need to install xfsprogs to use XFS tools but XFS is Redhat Favorite File system so we use centOS7 here:
[[email protected] ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 50G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 49G 0 part
├─centos-root 253:0 0 45.1G 0 lvm /
└─centos-swap 253:1 0 3.9G 0 lvm [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 10G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 10G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
[[email protected] ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1
meta-data=/dev/sdb1 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=655296 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=2621184, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[[email protected] ~]# xfs
xfs_admin xfs_estimate xfsinvutil xfs_mkfile xfs_rtcp
xfs_bmap xfs_freeze xfs_io xfs_ncheck
xfs_copy xfs_fsr xfs_logprint xfs_quota
xfs_db xfs_growfs xfs_mdrestore xfs_repair
xfsdump xfs_info xfs_metadump xfsrestore
Okey we have Formatted and re partitioned /dev/sdb1 lets get to know about some XFS File System tools:
xfsprogs | Description |
xfs_info | Give info about XFS Partition, partition must be mounted |
xfs_repair | Fix XFS File System problem |
xfs_check | Depricated ! Check XFS File System problems with no verbosity, use -v or "xfs_repair -n" instead |
xfsdump & xfsrestore | XFS backup and restore commands, They can work with mounted partition as they are Backup & Restore process |
[[email protected] ~]# mkdir /mnt/my10gxfs
[[email protected] ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/my10gxfs/
[[email protected] ~]# xfs_info /mnt/my10gxfs/
meta-data=/dev/sdb1 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=655296 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0 spinodes=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=2621184, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[[email protected] ~]# umount /mnt/my10gxfs/
[[email protected] ~]# xfs_repair -n /dev/sdb1
Phase 1 - find and verify superblock...
Phase 2 - using internal log
- zero log...
- scan filesystem freespace and inode maps...
- found root inode chunk
Phase 3 - for each AG...
- scan (but don't clear) agi unlinked lists...
- process known inodes and perform inode discovery...
- agno = 0
- agno = 1
- agno = 2
- agno = 3
- process newly discovered inodes...
Phase 4 - check for duplicate blocks...
- setting up duplicate extent list...
- check for inodes claiming duplicate blocks...
- agno = 0
- agno = 2
- agno = 3
- agno = 1
No modify flag set, skipping phase 5
Phase 6 - check inode connectivity...
- traversing filesystem ...
- traversal finished ...
- moving disconnected inodes to lost+found ...
Phase 7 - verify link counts...
No modify flag set, skipping filesystem flush and exiting.
and if any problems have found use xfs_repair for that.
There are two old xfs commands for backing up and restoring. They history back to days when tape media were only backup media.
[[email protected] ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 50G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 49G 0 part
├─centos-root 253:0 0 45.1G 0 lvm /
└─centos-swap 253:1 0 3.9G 0 lvm [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 10G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 10G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
[[email protected] ~]# mount -t xfs /dev/sdb1 /mnt/my10gxfs/
[[email protected] ~]# mkdir /mnt/mybackups
[[email protected] ~]# cd /mnt/mybackups/
[[email protected] mybackups]# xfsdump -f /mnt/mybackups/backup1jun18 /mnt/my10gxfs
xfsdump: using file dump (drive_simple) strategy
xfsdump: version 3.1.4 (dump format 3.0) - type ^C for status and control
============================= dump label dialog ==============================
please enter label for this dump session (timeout in 300 sec)
-> etcbackup
session label entered: "etcbackup"
--------------------------------- end dialog ---------------------------------
xfsdump: level 0 dump of server1:/mnt/my10gxfs
xfsdump: dump date: Mon Jan 1 02:03:26 2018
xfsdump: session id: 482cd1f2-eed5-492c-bf8b-d3befb97be97
xfsdump: session label: "etcbackup"
xfsdump: ino map phase 1: constructing initial dump list
xfsdump: ino map phase 2: skipping (no pruning necessary)
xfsdump: ino map phase 3: skipping (only one dump stream)
xfsdump: ino map construction complete
xfsdump: estimated dump size: 20800 bytes
xfsdump: /var/lib/xfsdump/inventory created
============================= media label dialog =============================
please enter label for media in drive 0 (timeout in 300 sec)
-> bak1jun18label
media label entered: "bak1jun18label"
--------------------------------- end dialog ---------------------------------
xfsdump: creating dump session media file 0 (media 0, file 0)
xfsdump: dumping ino map
xfsdump: dumping directories
xfsdump: dumping non-directory files
xfsdump: ending media file
xfsdump: media file size 21016 bytes
xfsdump: dump size (non-dir files) : 0 bytes
xfsdump: dump complete: 201 seconds elapsed
xfsdump: Dump Summary:
xfsdump: stream 0 /mnt/mybackups/backup1jun18 OK (success)
xfsdump: Dump Status: SUCCESS
There Three levels of backups that can be done woth xfsdump
xfsdump backup level | descriptio |
0 | Full backup |
1 | Only backup changed Files since Last backup |
2 | Backup File Changes since last full or Incremental Backup |
Lets see the result:
[[email protected] mybackups]# ls
backup1jun18
[[email protected] mybackups]# cat backup1jun18
xFSdump0"v��ZI�>������zH,����I,��Ӿ����server1etcbackupQbak1jun18label�z]4��K7�?`%�\s�/mnt/my10gxfs/dev/sdb1xfs�n$��tG��P���ᳵ?�@@@#��[email protected]�ZI�ÎZI�Î��������
and try to restore:
[[email protected] mnt]# xfsrestore -f /mnt/mybackups/backup1jun18 /mnt/restore/
xfsrestore: using file dump (drive_simple) strategy
xfsrestore: version 3.1.4 (dump format 3.0) - type ^C for status and control
xfsrestore: searching media for dump
xfsrestore: examining media file 0
xfsrestore: dump description:
xfsrestore: hostname: server1
xfsrestore: mount point: /mnt/my10gxfs
xfsrestore: volume: /dev/sdb1
xfsrestore: session time: Mon Jan 1 02:03:26 2018
xfsrestore: level: 0
xfsrestore: session label: "etcbackup"
xfsrestore: media label: "bak1jun18label"
xfsrestore: file system id: 966e24bf-dc74-47ba-a250-80fe84e1b3b5
xfsrestore: session id: 482cd1f2-eed5-492c-bf8b-d3befb97be97
xfsrestore: media id: e87a5d34-a49b-4b37-a33f-6025ab5c73eb
xfsrestore: using online session inventory
xfsrestore: searching media for directory dump
xfsrestore: reading directories
xfsrestore: 1 directories and 0 entries processed
xfsrestore: directory post-processing
xfsrestore: restore complete: 0 seconds elapsed
xfsrestore: Restore Summary:
xfsrestore: stream 0 /mnt/mybackups/backup1jun18 OK (success)
xfsrestore: Restore Status: SUCCESS
[[email protected] mnt]# cd my10gxfs/
[[email protected] my10gxfs]# ls
As you might not be an only admin of system use xfsrestore -I command to have a list of what ever has been backed up with xfsdump, including file sessions IDs and backup session IDs:
[[email protected] my10gxfs]# xfsrestore -I
file system 0:
fs id: 966e24bf-dc74-47ba-a250-80fe84e1b3b5
session 0:
mount point: server1:/mnt/my10gxfs
device: server1:/dev/sdb1
time: Mon Jan 1 02:03:26 2018
session label: "etcbackup"
session id: 482cd1f2-eed5-492c-bf8b-d3befb97be97
level: 0
resumed: NO
subtree: NO
streams: 1
stream 0:
pathname: /mnt/mybackups/backup1jun18
start: ino 0 offset 0
end: ino 1 offset 0
interrupted: NO
media files: 1
media file 0:
mfile index: 0
mfile type: data
mfile size: 21016
mfile start: ino 0 offset 0
mfile end: ino 1 offset 0
media label: "bak1jun18label"
media id: e87a5d34-a49b-4b37-a33f-6025ab5c73eb
xfsrestore: Restore Status: SUCCESS
S.M.A.R.T. (Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology) is a monitoring system included in computer hard disk drives (HDDs) and even solid-state drives (SSDs).So it is not linux specific tool or feature . it its duty is monitoring various indicators of Drive reliability in order to avoid hardware failures . Usually there is a software or 3rd party utility which is running on Host operating system which reads SMART data and notify user about health status of Disk Drive to avoid data lost.
Linux has two tiny tools smartd and smartctl for reading SMART data.Based on your distro you might need install smartmontool.
[email protected]:~# apt install smartmontools
and to check weather our hard disk supports SMART and its enabled:
[email protected]:~# smartctl -i /dev/sda
smartctl 6.5 2016-01-24 r4214 [x86_64-linux-4.10.0-40-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-16, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family: Samsung based SSDs
Device Model: Samsung SSD 850 EVO 500GB
Serial Number: S2R9NX0H503451W
LU WWN Device Id: 5 002538 d40e515dc
Firmware Version: EMT02B6Q
User Capacity: 500,107,862,016 bytes [500 GB]
Sector Size: 512 bytes logical/physical
Rotation Rate: Solid State Device
Form Factor: 2.5 inches
Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is: ACS-2, ATA8-ACS T13/1699-D revision 4c
SATA Version is: SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Mon Jan 1 13:37:38 2018 +0330
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
to do the <short|long|...> test on hard disk :
[email protected]:~# smartctl -t
afterselect,off long scttempint, select,redo
afterselect,on offline select, short
conveyance pending, select,next vendor,
[email protected]:~# smartctl -t short /dev/sda
smartctl 6.5 2016-01-24 r4214 [x86_64-linux-4.10.0-40-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-16, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF OFFLINE IMMEDIATE AND SELF-TEST SECTION ===
Sending command: "Execute SMART Short self-test routine immediately in off-line mode".
Drive command "Execute SMART Short self-test routine immediately in off-line mode" successful.
Testing has begun.
Please wait 2 minutes for test to complete.
Test will complete after Mon Jan 1 13:45:37 2018
Use smartctl -X to abort test.
and for watching results:
[email protected]:~# smartctl -a /dev/sda
smartctl 6.5 2016-01-24 r4214 [x86_64-linux-4.10.0-40-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-16, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family: Samsung based SSDs
Device Model: Samsung SSD 850 EVO 500GB
Serial Number: S2R9NX0H503451W
LU WWN Device Id: 5 002538 d40e515dc
Firmware Version: EMT02B6Q
User Capacity: 500,107,862,016 bytes [500 GB]
Sector Size: 512 bytes logical/physical
Rotation Rate: Solid State Device
Form Factor: 2.5 inches
Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is: ACS-2, ATA8-ACS T13/1699-D revision 4c
SATA Version is: SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Mon Jan 1 14:02:06 2018 +0330
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x00) Offline data collection activity
was never started.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 0) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x53) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
No Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
No Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 265) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x003d) SCT Status supported.
SCT Error Recovery Control supported.
SCT Feature Control supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 1
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 010 Pre-fail Always - 0
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 099 099 000 Old_age Always - 1136
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 098 098 000 Old_age Always - 1292
177 Wear_Leveling_Count 0x0013 099 099 000 Pre-fail Always - 6
179 Used_Rsvd_Blk_Cnt_Tot 0x0013 100 100 010 Pre-fail Always - 0
181 Program_Fail_Cnt_Total 0x0032 100 100 010 Old_age Always - 0
182 Erase_Fail_Count_Total 0x0032 100 100 010 Old_age Always - 0
183 Runtime_Bad_Block 0x0013 100 100 010 Pre-fail Always - 0
187 Uncorrectable_Error_Cnt 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0032 068 052 000 Old_age Always - 32
195 ECC_Error_Rate 0x001a 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
199 CRC_Error_Count 0x003e 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
235 POR_Recovery_Count 0x0012 099 099 000 Old_age Always - 72
241 Total_LBAs_Written 0x0032 099 099 000 Old_age Always - 7397082470
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Short offline Completed without error 00% 1135 -
# 2 Short offline Completed without error 00% 1 -
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
255 0 65535 Read_scanning was never started
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
some other usefull smartctl commands:
smartctl command | Description |
smartctl -h /dev/sda | Print Help |
smartctl -H /dev/sda | Print Health Status of Disk Drive |
smartctl -c /dev/sda | Print SMART capabilities that have been implemented |
Monitoring Disk Health inorder to avoid data lost can be an every day task, but SMART has deamon smartd wich dose it for us:
lets enable and use it
vi /etc/default/smartmontools :# Defaults for smartmontools initscript (/etc/init.d/smartmontools)
# This is a POSIX shell fragment
# List of devices you want to explicitly enable S.M.A.R.T. for
# Not needed (and not recommended) if the device is monitored by smartd
#enable_smart="/dev/hda /dev/hdb"
# uncomment to start smartd on system startup
start_smartd=yes
# uncomment to pass additional options to smartd on startup
#smartd_opts="--interval=1800"
and make sure smartd is running and enabled:
[email protected]:~# systemctl list-unit-files --type=service | grep -i smart
smartd.service enabled
smartmontools.service enabled
[email protected]:~# systemctl status smartd
● smartd.service - Self Monitoring and Reporting Technology (SMART) Daemon
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/smartd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Mon 2018-01-01 13:35:51 +0330; 43min ago
Docs: man:smartd(8)
man:smartd.conf(5)
Main PID: 4507 (smartd)
CGroup: /system.slice/smartd.service
└─4507 /usr/sbin/smartd -n
Jan 01 13:35:51 server1 smartd[4507]: Device: /dev/sda, type changed from 'scsi' to 'sat'
Jan 01 13:35:51 server1 smartd[4507]: Device: /dev/sda [SAT], opened
Jan 01 13:35:51 server1 smartd[4507]: Device: /dev/sda [SAT], Samsung SSD 850 EVO 500GB, S/N:S2R9NX0H503451W, WWN:5-002538-d40e515dc, FW:EMT02B6Q, 5
Jan 01 13:35:51 server1 smartd[4507]: Device: /dev/sda [SAT], found in smartd database: Samsung based SSDs
Jan 01 13:35:51 server1 smartd[4507]: Device: /dev/sda [SAT], can't monitor Current_Pending_Sector count - no Attribute 197
Jan 01 13:35:51 server1 smartd[4507]: Device: /dev/sda [SAT], can't monitor Offline_Uncorrectable count - no Attribute 198
Jan 01 13:35:51 server1 smartd[4507]: Device: /dev/sda [SAT], is SMART capable. Adding to "monitor" list.
Jan 01 13:35:51 server1 smartd[4507]: Monitoring 1 ATA and 0 SCSI devices
Jan 01 13:35:51 server1 smartd[4507]: Device: /dev/sda [SAT], state written to /var/lib/smartmontools/smartd.Samsung_SSD_850_EVO_500GB-S2R9NX0H50345
Jan 01 13:35:51 server1 systemd[1]: Started Self Monitoring and Reporting Technology (SMART) Daemon.