Docker containers runs your applications, those applications need data and that data need to be stored some where. You as a docker administrator need to know manage docker storage and volumes.

Manage data in Docker

By default all files created inside a container are stored on a writable container layer, but data should not be stored inside the container! because there are some issues with that :

• Containers are designed to be ephemeral (disposable)

• When containers are stopped, data is not accessible.

• Containers are typically stored on each host

• The container file system wasn't designed for high performance I/O.

Docker has two options for containers to store files in the host machine, so that the files are persisted even after the container stops: volumes, and bind mounts.

1. Volumes : The recommended way to persist data, stored at /var/lib/docker/volumes/

2. Bind Mounts: have limited functionality and you must use the exact file path on the host; (volumes recommended)

3. tmpfs mounts: Stored only in a host's memory in Linux (least recommended)

Docker storage drivers

In fact, in docker we are not writing to container's writable layer, instead we are using docker volumes. For doing that storage driver is needed . Storage driver manage filesystem behind the scenes. There are different storage drivers that we can plug in and plug out:

• overlay , overlay2

• aufs

• devicemapper

• btrfs

• zfs

Depending on the linux distribution we are using different storage drivers is recommended (always check docs.docker.com for latest updates):

use docker info | less command to see which storage driver is currently running.

 [[email protected]~]#docker info
...
 Storage Driver: overlay2
 Docker Root Dir: /var/lib/docker
...

Use volumes

Volumes are the preferred mechanism for persisting data generated by and used by Docker containers. While bind mounts are dependent on the directory structure of the host machine, volumes are completely managed by Docker. Volumes have several advantages over bind mounts:

• Volumes are easier to back up or migrate than bind mounts.

• You can manage volumes using Docker CLI commands or the Docker API.

• Volumes work on both Linux and Windows containers.

• Volumes can be more safely shared among multiple containers.

• Volume drivers let you store volumes on remote hosts or cloud providers, to encrypt the contents of volumes, or to add other functionality.

• New volumes can have their content pre-populated by a container.

In addition, volumes are often a better choice than persisting data in a container’s writable layer, because a volume does not increase the size of the containers using it, and the volume’s contents exist outside the lifecycle of a given container.

Create a volume:

[[email protected] ~]# docker volume create my-vol
my-vol

List volumes:

[[email protected] ~]# docker volume ls
DRIVER              VOLUME NAME
local               8137730e7356621d3075c51b80c7838fd987b0ac34f586c035cf66eb2a9af6ed
local               my-vol

get more information about a volume by using docker volume inspect my-vol command.

Remove a volume

[[email protected] ~]# docker volume rm my-vol
my-vol

Start a container with a volume

If you start a container with a volume that does not yet exist, Docker creates the volume for you. The following example mounts the volume myvol2 into /app/ in the container.

The -v and --mount examples below produce the same result.

$ docker run -d \
  --name devtest \
  --mount source=myvol2,target=/app \
  nginx:latest

$ docker run -d \
  --name devtest \
  -v myvol2:/app \
  nginx:latest

For removing Stop the container and remove the volume. Note volume removal is a separate step.

$ docker container stop devtest
​
$ docker container rm devtest
​
$ docker volume rm myvol2

Use bind mounts

Bind mounts have been around since the early days of Docker. Bind mounts have limited functionality compared to volumes. When you use a bind mount, a file or directory on the host machine is mounted into a container. The file or directory is referenced by its full or relative path on the host machine. By contrast, when you use a volume, a new directory is created within Docker’s storage directory on the host machine, and Docker manages that directory’s contents.

The file or directory does not need to exist on the Docker host already. It is created on demand if it does not yet exist. Bind mounts are very performant, but they rely on the host machine’s filesystem having a specific directory structure available. If you are developing new Docker applications, consider using named volumes instead. You can’t use Docker CLI commands to directly manage bind mounts.

$ docker run -d \
  -it \
  --name devtest \
  --mount type=bind,source="$(pwd)"/target,target=/app \
  nginx:latest

$ docker run -d \
  -it \
  --name devtest \
  -v "$(pwd)"/target:/app \
  nginx:latest

.

------

with the special thanks of David Davis .

​https://docs.docker.com/storage/storagedriver/select-storage-driver/​

​https://docs.docker.com/storage/volumes/​

​https://docs.docker.com/storage/bind-mounts/​

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